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and welcome to the history page. This week we will carry on with our examination
of sharecropping as it was practiced in Ibiza prior to the advent of tourism.
Given the huge social and political importance of agrarian matters in the years
leading up to the civil war, Ibiza’s particular modus operandi in this regard
is indeed crucial to our understanding of why the island became one of Spain’s
anti-republican strongholds. We have already ascertained that public sentiment
in Ibiza was rooted firmly in the conservative camp for the simple reason that
most of the island’s farmers lived in reasonable contentedness and thus had
no particular wish to reform traditional folkways. Unlike other areas in Spain,
where the landed oligarchy’s indifference to the plight of the peasantry
often amounted to outright cruelty, in Ibiza the oligarchy dealt quite fairly
with the pagesos who sharecropped their land, following the mores that over the
course of centuries had come to form part of the local legal code. Sea-Bound
Isolation Promotes Fair Farming Purely practical considerations
no doubt accounted for the difference in agrarian conditions between Ibiza and
the Spanish mainland. Until quite recently, islanders held the cultivation of
land as nothing short of sacred; for, rich and poor alike understood all too well
that starvation lurked as an ever present danger should food supplies run out.
The annals of Ibicenco history are rife with instances in which such shortages
did occur. Death certificates from the 17th century, for example, frequently cited
starvation as the cause of death, with the illnesses connected to malnutrition
following closely behind. Your Wheat or Your Life Further
confirming the precariousness of island life is a series of reports dating back
to the 1640s. They tell of a ship which, due to a sea storm, was forced to seek
safe harbour in Ibiza. Bound for Granada, the vessel was laden with hundreds of
kilos of wheat. When the governor caught wind of the precious cargo, he ordered
the entire hold to be unloaded and its life-giving contents distributed amongst
the people. Although he must have known there would be hell to pay, hunger obeys
no man’s law. Sure enough, when the empty ship returned to Barcelona and
reported the wheat-snatching incident, the island was brought to trial for the
unauthorized confiscation, whence ensued a long, drawn-out legal battle the end
result of which was that Ibiza was finally made to pay for the wheat, but at a
reduced rate. To Every Thing There Is a Season Another
interesting lawsuit, tried in 1714, tells yet again of the lenience which was
characteristically granted to islanders in dire straits. This case involved a
small landowner, Bernat Bufí, who due to personal debts was forced to auction
off his only finca. The wealthy new owner, Antonio Martí, made a verbal
agreement with Bufí, allowing him to stay on as the mayoral of the farmstead
he had just lost. However, subsequent disagreements between the two men (largely
influenced by Bufí’s bossy wife, so the story goes) eventually caused
Martí to renege on his offer. The case was brought before the magistrates
who ruled in favour of Martí: the mayoral was ordered to vacate the premises
within 15 day’s time, though naturally he was entitled to monetary compensation
for the work and improvements he had done on the farm. Bufí appealed the
ruling and ultimately won on the grounds that: "It
is the usage and custom in [Ibiza] that during the month of Christmas the mayoral
or peasant who lives in the house of another … is told that on the forthcoming
Day of St. John he must leave where he is because the owner wants the house or
estate to be vacated. The eviction notice is given with time so that all can find
a remedy, because it is in June that folk leave one place and enter another …
but in the month of August, when all have found their dwelling for that year and
cannot leave until the coming year, it is a grave thing, lacking in fairness and
very inhumane, to force a poor man … with many debts to leave in suddenness." 1937:
The Dominicans vs. Francisco Planells Another instance
of legal action between landlord and sharecropper occurred during the civil war.
In this case, the landlord was the Dominican Order which owned several country
estates in Ibiza. These good friars had entrusted the running of one of their
fincas to Francisco Planells whom they took to court in 1937 on the allegation
that Planells had failed to pay them their rightful share in the sale of two horses.
As we learned in last week's instalment, the mayoral was responsible for purchasing
his own beasts of burden - which were considered his private property - while
the landlord was entitled to one third of any brood born to the utility animals
kept on the farm. Therefore, when Planells sold the horses in question to his
brother, Juan, the mendicant brothers demanded a third of the proceeds from the
sale. In his defence, Planells argued that one of the horses had worked on the
farm but had never sired any offspring on it, for which reason the landlords had
no legal claim to any profit generated by its sale. Regarding the second, younger
horse, Planells claimed that it had always slept and fed on a neighbouring farm,
and had therefore consumed none of the produce from the Dominican's estate. Ergo,
it was deemed that he owed them nothing. New-Fangled
Ways Eschewed We can see from the foregoing that, although
life in Ibiza was harsh and lean, island peasants were at least afforded the benefits
of basic human decency and respect for their important contribution to society.
It is not surprising, then, that the agrarian reforms so boldly advocated by the
Azaña administration met with little or no enthusiasm in Ibiza. In his
article La figura agraria del mayo*, Ibicenco barrister, Bernardo Cardona,
confirms that the peculiar brand of sharecropping that was practised in Ibiza
"was so deeply rooted that it resisted the obvious advantages that were
made available to tenant farmers and sharecroppers via the laws of Rustic Leasing,
which dated from 1935 - 1940 and guaranteed longer leases, the right to extend
leases ... as well as the possibility of eventually purchasing the property. Despite
the fact that the law of '35 allowed sharecropping contracts to be entered in
the Property Register, the book set aside for this purpose was never once used
in Ibiza." Closing So
end our ruminations for today. Join us next week when we will finally enter wartime
proper with the initial Republican capture of Ibiza in August of 1936. Until then. *
Published in Missèr, Revista del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de
Baleares, Num. 54, July 2002, pages 32 and 33.
Emily
Kaufman
emilykaufman@ibizahistoryculture.com
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